diff --git a/client/src/data_store.rs b/client/src/data_store.rs
index dc59b06..d5a269e 100644
--- a/client/src/data_store.rs
+++ b/client/src/data_store.rs
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 use crate::Error;
 use colored::*;
 use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
-use shared::{ensure_dirs_exist, Cidr, IoErrorContext, Peer, CLIENT_DATA_PATH};
+use shared::{ensure_dirs_exist, Cidr, IoErrorContext, Peer, WrappedIoError, CLIENT_DATA_PATH};
 use std::{
     fs::{File, OpenOptions},
     io::{Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write},
@@ -23,7 +23,10 @@ pub enum Contents {
 }
 
 impl DataStore {
-    pub(self) fn open_with_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(path: P, create: bool) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+    pub(self) fn open_with_path<P: AsRef<Path>>(
+        path: P,
+        create: bool,
+    ) -> Result<Self, WrappedIoError> {
         let path = path.as_ref();
         let mut file = OpenOptions::new()
             .read(true)
@@ -32,7 +35,7 @@ impl DataStore {
             .open(path)
             .with_path(path)?;
 
-        if shared::chmod(&file, 0o600)? {
+        if shared::chmod(&file, 0o600).with_path(path)? {
             println!(
                 "{} updated permissions for {} to 0600.",
                 "[!]".yellow(),
@@ -56,16 +59,16 @@ impl DataStore {
             .with_extension("json")
     }
 
-    fn _open(interface: &InterfaceName, create: bool) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+    fn _open(interface: &InterfaceName, create: bool) -> Result<Self, WrappedIoError> {
         ensure_dirs_exist(&[*CLIENT_DATA_PATH])?;
         Self::open_with_path(Self::get_path(interface), create)
     }
 
-    pub fn open(interface: &InterfaceName) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+    pub fn open(interface: &InterfaceName) -> Result<Self, WrappedIoError> {
         Self::_open(interface, false)
     }
 
-    pub fn open_or_create(interface: &InterfaceName) -> Result<Self, Error> {
+    pub fn open_or_create(interface: &InterfaceName) -> Result<Self, WrappedIoError> {
         Self::_open(interface, true)
     }
 
diff --git a/client/src/main.rs b/client/src/main.rs
index 360ad63..723ef6e 100644
--- a/client/src/main.rs
+++ b/client/src/main.rs
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ fn fetch(
     let mut store = DataStore::open_or_create(&interface)?;
     let State { peers, cidrs } = Api::new(&config.server).http("GET", "/user/state")?;
 
-    let device_info = DeviceInfo::get_by_name(&interface)?;
+    let device_info = DeviceInfo::get_by_name(&interface).with_str(interface.as_str_lossy())?;
     let interface_public_key = device_info
         .public_key
         .as_ref()
@@ -716,7 +716,12 @@ fn show(short: bool, tree: bool, interface: Option<Interface>) -> Result<(), Err
 
     let devices = interfaces.into_iter().filter_map(|name| {
         DataStore::open(&name)
-            .and_then(|store| Ok((DeviceInfo::get_by_name(&name)?, store)))
+            .and_then(|store| {
+                Ok((
+                    DeviceInfo::get_by_name(&name).with_str(name.as_str_lossy())?,
+                    store,
+                ))
+            })
             .ok()
     });
     for (mut device_info, store) in devices {
diff --git a/shared/src/lib.rs b/shared/src/lib.rs
index cc02908..78d3c20 100644
--- a/shared/src/lib.rs
+++ b/shared/src/lib.rs
@@ -31,22 +31,22 @@ pub type Error = Box<dyn std::error::Error>;
 pub static WG_MANAGE_DIR: &str = "/etc/innernet";
 pub static WG_DIR: &str = "/etc/wireguard";
 
-pub fn ensure_dirs_exist(dirs: &[&Path]) -> Result<(), Error> {
+pub fn ensure_dirs_exist(dirs: &[&Path]) -> Result<(), WrappedIoError> {
     for dir in dirs {
-        match fs::create_dir(dir) {
+        match fs::create_dir(dir).with_path(dir) {
             Err(e) if e.kind() != io::ErrorKind::AlreadyExists => {
                 return Err(e.into());
-            },
+            }
             _ => {
                 let target_file = File::open(dir).with_path(dir)?;
-                if chmod(&target_file, 0o700)? {
+                if chmod(&target_file, 0o700).with_path(dir)? {
                     println!(
                         "{} updated permissions for {} to 0700.",
                         "[!]".yellow(),
                         dir.display()
                     );
                 }
-            },
+            }
         }
     }
     Ok(())
@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ pub fn ensure_dirs_exist(dirs: &[&Path]) -> Result<(), Error> {
 /// Updates the permissions of a file or directory. Returns `Ok(true)` if
 /// permissions had to be changed, `Ok(false)` if permissions were already
 /// correct.
-pub fn chmod(file: &File, new_mode: u32) -> Result<bool, Error> {
+pub fn chmod(file: &File, new_mode: u32) -> Result<bool, io::Error> {
     let metadata = file.metadata()?;
     let mut permissions = metadata.permissions();
     let mode = permissions.mode() & 0o777;
diff --git a/shared/src/types.rs b/shared/src/types.rs
index f3fb01f..84ac6c1 100644
--- a/shared/src/types.rs
+++ b/shared/src/types.rs
@@ -73,7 +73,7 @@ impl FromStr for Endpoint {
                 let port = port.parse().map_err(|_| "couldn't parse port")?;
                 let host = Host::parse(host).map_err(|_| "couldn't parse host")?;
                 Ok(Endpoint { host, port })
-            },
+            }
             _ => Err("couldn't parse in form of 'host:port'"),
         }
     }
@@ -606,6 +606,14 @@ impl std::fmt::Display for WrappedIoError {
     }
 }
 
+impl Deref for WrappedIoError {
+    type Target = std::io::Error;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        &self.io_error
+    }
+}
+
 impl std::error::Error for WrappedIoError {}
 
 #[cfg(test)]
diff --git a/wgctrl-rs/src/device.rs b/wgctrl-rs/src/device.rs
index 1f53611..674c1ee 100644
--- a/wgctrl-rs/src/device.rs
+++ b/wgctrl-rs/src/device.rs
@@ -252,6 +252,7 @@ impl DeviceInfo {
         if backends::kernel::exists() {
             backends::kernel::get_by_name(name)
         } else {
+            println!("kernel module not detected. falling back to userspace backend.");
             backends::userspace::get_by_name(name)
         }
     }